Application of ultrasound in diagnosis, monitoring progess and evaluating treatment outcomes cryptochidism in children under 2 years of age SUMMARY Cryptorchidism is the most common urological genital malformation in children.Ultrasound is a good radiology method for diagnosis and treatment evaluation. We have performed a research with name “Application of ultrasound in diagnosis, monitoring progess and evaluating treatment outcomes cryptochidism in children under 2 years of age”. The study included 69 patients, was carried out from October 2012 to August 2013 . The sensitivity ultrasound in diagnosis is between 60- 100% denpending on each position. Ultrasound diagnoses testicle dimension properly in comparison with surgery. Success rate after surgery, three months of endocrinology treatment, six months of endocrinology treatment are 94.6%, 25% and 40% respectively. Key words: cryptochidism, ultrasound.

summary Subarachnoid hemorrage (SAH) is common emergency in patients who got the congenital or acquaired cranio-vascular diseases. This results from some reasons such as: aneurysm ruption, AVM or trauma. Vasospasm increases disability and mortality in patients who have SAH. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound (TCD) is the good method to diagnose early this stage with many advantages as non-invasive, cheaply, the sensitivity and specification is rather high. Purpose : 1. Evaluating the vasospasm after SAH by TCD; 2. Researching the correlation between the level SAH as well as the clinical state of patients and the velocity blood flow of the middle cerebral artery recorded by TCD. Subjects and methods : We have prospected 20 patients who were diagnosed SAH on Computed tomography. TCD was performed 2 times: the 3rd – 4th day and the 8th – 9th day after getting SAH. Those whose peak systolic velocity in middle cerebral artery was ≥ 120cm/s considered vasospasm. Their clinical states were also recorded at the same times. Results : 2 patients (10%) got vasospasm of MCA at the 8th – 9th day after SAH. The correlation between the level SAH as well as the clinical state of patients and the velocity blood flow of MCA is unclosed. Conclusion : TCD can detect early the vasospasm but the accuracy of this method is higher in the patients whose SAH is primary and non - operated.

Ultrasonic role in diagnosis gallstones and acute cholecystitis summa ry Objectives: Assess the role of ultrasound through the determination of the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive value in the diagnosis of gallstones, acute cholecystitis (compared with the results of the surgery and the pathology). Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional description. Results : From January to June 2012, 239 patients were included in the study. Ultrasound diagnosis of 184 patients with gallbladder stone, 81 acute cholecystitis. Postoperative diagnosis 192 patients with gallbladder stones, acute cholecystitis 95 patients. Anatopathologic result get 39 acute cholecystitis. Conclusions: Ultrasound diagnosis of gallbladder stone had a Sn of 95.31%, Sp 98.87%, Acc 95.81%, PPV of 99.46% (in comparison with surgery).Ultrasound diagnosis of acute cholecystitis had a Sn of 87.18% , Sp of 76.50%, Acc 78.24%, PPV of 41.98% (in comparison with anato- pathology). Key words : Ultrasound, gallstones, cholecystitis.

Assessment of uterine cavity and Fallopian tube patency by sonohystero graphy with saline solution summa ry Introduction : Fallopian tube damage is a common cause, accounting for 30 - 40% of infertile women. Assessment of uterine cavity and Fallopian tube patency is a routine indication with hystero-salpingo graphy (HSG). This technique potentially has risk of allergy, X-ray exposure and specificity is not optimal. This research aims to evaluate the application of vaginal ultrasound combined pumping saline solution into the uterus to examine Study design: cross-sectional descriptive study in 115 cases with infertility examined at Hue University Hospital through clinical examination, gynecological transvaginal ultrasound, pumping normal saline into the uterus and then did HSG at the same period. Results : The abnormalities detected in 30.4% (35/115) cases of infertility. In 11 cases have abnormal uterine cavity diagnosed by ultrasound, HSG detected only 5 cases. The rate of abnormal sonohysterography results are quite good compared to HSG (19.1% vs 17.4%). However, ultrasound can not determine the position occlusion of tube. A number of factors such as age over 35 (p = 0.02; OR = 2.87; CI95%: 1.11 to 7.48), urban residents (p = 0.01), secondary infertility (p = 0.001; OR = 4.21; CI95%: 1.82 to 9.76), chlamydia infection (p = 0.01, OR = 13.17; CI95%:) and high pressure pumping (p = 0.00; OR=17.11) increased the rate of abnormal sonohysterography scan. The rate of complications caused by ultrasound is lower than by HSG. Disadvantages of sonohysterography with saline is impossible to identify the position of tubal occlusion if it does not pass through the end of tube. Conclusion : HSG with saline is a simple method, inexpensivepensive and very effective to assess the uterine cavity and tubal patency in cases with infertility, with similar results compare to HSG and even offer further detection of genital abnormalities which are missed by HSG.

SUMMARY Background : Although the clinical examination has the most important role and documentation of the clinical signs of brain death are very uniform, it is necessary to use technical confirmatory tests to corroborate the clinical signs such as Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) and Electroencephalography (EEG). The current study examined (1) Hemodynamic of cerebral arteries in 16 death brain cases (2) the role of TCD in confirmation of brain death. Subjects and methods :16 patients clinical brain deathwere included in the study. The following TCD findings were accepted as confirmatory of brain death when they were found at least one of two within the same examination: (1) brief systolic forward flow or systolic spikes and diastolic reverse flow or no diastolic flow, (2) Vmax <10cm/s or no demonstrable flow in a patient in whom flow had been clearly documented in a previous TCD examination. Results : All of cases were confirmed as brain death on TCD. 14/16 patients (87.5%) performed the waveform abnormality, the rest was found decreasing velocity or missing the blood flow on TCD. Conclusion: The sensitivity of TCD is increased with repeat examinations and should be repeated in cases in which systolodiastolic forward flow is demonstrated after the first TCD. TCD may prolong or shorten the time to declaration of brain death. The necessity of demonstrating cerebral circulatory arrest in patients with clinical brain death is debatable. Key words: brain death, doppler ultrasonography.

SUMMARY Objectives : Assessing the characteristics of radio - cephalic fistulas with insufficient flow volume in dialysis patients by Dupplex sonography. Subjects and methods : A cross - sectional study from 20 dialysis patients who have radio - cephalic fistulas with insufficient flow volume. Results: In 20 patients (13 males and 7 females), average age (43.7 ±1.18 years of age). Diameter of juxta-anastomotic orifice is 3.1± 0.9 mm in males and 2.7 ± 1.2 mm in females. Diameter of cephalic vein is 3.6 ± 0.9 mm in males and 2.8 ± 1.2 mm in females. Some hemodynamic indexs of fistular: PSV (89.55 ±101.61cm/s), ESV (51.80 ± 45.50 cm/s), RI 0.76 ± 0.23) and flow volume (130.95 ± 110.04 ml/minute). Some causes of insufficient flow volume: thrombosis 9/20 (45%), accessory veins (3/20 (15%), intimal hyperplasia 2/20 (10%), juxta-anastomotic stenosis due to thrombosis 1/20 (5%) and no cause found 5/20 (25%). Conclusions : Dupplex sonography can assess the flow volume of fistula and causes of insufficient flow volume. It is a useful tool for clinicians in following up the AV fistulas.

Researching the value of biopsy under guideline of transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis of Prostate cancer SUMMARY: Purpose: To describe the image of prostate cancer in transrectal ultrasound and to define the value of biopsy under guideline of transrectal ultrasound Materials and method: Prospective study on 190 patients with prostate biopsy in Viet Duc hospital from Sep/ 2013 to Aug/ 2014, of those 68 cases are cancer. Describe the transrectal ultrasound image and study the sensitivity, the specificity, the accuracy of biopsy under guideline of transrectal ultrasound. Results : Prostate cancer on the transrectal ultrasound has the image of rough margin 73.5%; unclear between internal and external zone 54.4%; irregular hyper angiogenesis 61.8%; disappear the image of fat around prostate 52.9%; node with hypo-echo 100%, hyper angiogenesis 89.2%, rough margin 56.1% and in the external 67.6%. The 10 speciment prostate biopsy by transrectal ultrasound have the sensitivity 94.7%; the specificity 100.0%; the accuracy 98.0% and low complication with the rate of un-complication of 64.7%. Conclusion: The prostate biopsy under guideline of transcretal ultrasound have high value in early diagnosis the prostate cancer, safely and less complication. Keywords: prostate biopsy, transcretal ultrasound.

Ultrasound-guided transthoracic core biopsy SUMMARY: Background: On the global scale, primary lung cancer is a major contributor to both cancer incidence and mortality. Definite diagnosis can be made from cytology or biopsy . A variety of techniques are available and helpful for the sampling include bronchoscopy, fine needle aspiration or image-guided biopsy, in which ultrasound-guided core biopsy of lung solid masses has been widely used as it is available, convenient and cost-effective. Material and method: A cross-sectional study was done on a sample of 77 individuals who had juxtapleural lung solid masses detected by Ultrasound or CT scan at Hue central hospital, from January-2010 to August-2011. All of these have undergone ultrasound-guided core biopsy. Objectives were to evaluate the efficacy, advantages and disadvantages of the technique. Results: The successful rate of single sampling was 89.6%. Five patients had twice sampling which raised the successful rate up to 94.8%, from which 89.6% were indicated malignant and the rest 5.2% were benign lesions. Advantages were multiple sampling (>2), supine and inclination position, skin surface-lesion distance less than 3 cm, pleura-lesion interface over 2 cm, lesion’s depth over 2 cm. Disadvantages include multiple sampling, lesion’s depth over 3 cm, FEV1/FVC < 0.7, needle size (<17G), prolonged procedure (>25 minutes). Rate of complication was 14.6%, in which pneumothorax was the most likely (4.9%), but no pleural drainage needed. Conclusion: ultrasound-guided core biopsy appeared safe, effective, non radiation exposure, cost-saving, simple and applicable in clinical setting. Key words: ultrasound-guided biopsy, lung solid mass.